miRNA生物信息学及其在医学研究中的应用
miRNA是一类重要的基因调控因子,越来越多的证据表明miRNA在许多重要的生命过程中发挥着关键作用。因此,和miRNA有关的功能异常和许多疾病有关(根据人类miRNA疾病数据库, HMDD, http://cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn/hmdd, 的统计,目前已经有近400种人类疾病被报道了和miRNA有关)。因此,miRNA正在成为理解疾病发生发展机制的明星分子,并且疾病的预防、诊断与治疗中具有巨大的潜在的应用价值。从有关miRNA研究的一开始,生物信息学在其中就发挥着重要作用。从miRNA发现到靶基因预测,从分子进化到网络调控,从疾病易感位点确定到疾病miRNA关联分析,都可以看到生物信息学的身影。在本报告中,报告人将重点介绍本人实验室在miRNA-疾病-药物之间关系的生物信息学研究,从大规模数据分析到建模和预测,同时概括miRNA生物信息学在医学研究中的应用。
BMP4在白色脂肪向棕色脂肪转化中的作用与机制研究
白色脂肪组织内棕色脂肪功能的激活有利于减轻体重和改善代谢。骨形成蛋白4 (Bone Morphologenetic protein 4, BMP4)可以促使多潜能干细胞向前脂肪细胞定向。在本研究中,我们发现人体白色脂肪组织内BMP4的mRNA水平与体重指数(BMI)呈负相关,提示脂肪组织内高表达水平的BMP4有利于控制体重。我们利用转基因小鼠模型在脂肪组织内特异性过表达BMP4后发现,BMP4促使小鼠白色脂肪细胞脂滴和细胞大小显著减小。进一步实验证实白色脂肪细胞内线粒体生成增加,脂肪酸氧化基因表达增加,从而导致小鼠整体基础氧耗增加,血脂降低和胰岛素敏感性增加等一系列代谢变化。另外,体外前脂肪细胞3T3-L1分化过程中加入BMP4处理也可使细胞获得类棕色的表型。干扰BMP4转基因小鼠白色脂肪内PGC1α的表达可以逆转BMP4所引起的白色脂肪棕色化的表型,说明BMP4所引起的脂肪组织发育的变化时通过PGC1α这一关键基因起作用,BMP4激活的P38/MAPK/ATF2/PGC1α信号通路发挥主要功能。与此一致的是,脂肪组织特异性敲除BMP4的小鼠出现脂肪组织体积增加,血脂水平增高,胰岛素敏感性降低等一系列变化,从反方面证实了BMP4对于诱导白色脂肪棕色化和改变代谢的作用。BMP4这种新功能的阐明BMP4可能为临床干预肥胖和改善胰岛素敏感性提供新思路。
高通量技术在非编码RNA领域中的应用
高通量技术指的是芯片、二代测序等能够帮助研究人员在短时候内进行全基因组范围内的快速筛选的技术,被广泛应用于基因组、转录组和表观遗传等方面。高通量技术在非编码RNA研究中的应用也十分广泛,不但可以筛选用于肿瘤诊断的miRNA分子标记,还应用于miRNA和lncRNA的功能研究中。近年来出现的一些新技术,如链特异性测序(strand-specific RNA sequencing),降解组测序(Degradome sequencing ),RNA免疫共沉淀测序(RNA Immunoprecipitation Sequencing:RIP-Seq)等,以及一些新芯片与测序产品也为非编码RNA的研究提供了有力的工具。这里通过对一些应用案例的解析,讨论高通量技术在非编码RNA研究中的应用进展。
循环血微小RNA在诊断急性心肌梗死中的应用前景
随着我国经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高、饮食结构和环境因素的改变,以血管功能失衡为病理学基础的心脑血管疾病的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,对我国人民群众健康构成了极大威胁。最近研究表明,多种miRNA参与了胚胎发育、心血管疾病发生、肿瘤发生等生理病理进程。MiRNA在不同组织中具有不同的表达谱,在循环血中并具有较高的稳定性。各种组织在不同原因引起的损伤时,循环血中miRNA含量会发生相应的改变,有可能在相关疾病的发生发展中作为分子标志物。我们在研究中发现,心肌特异的miR-208a能够作为心肌缺血的血清标志物,具有较高的灵敏性和特异性。血管损伤及随后由其引起的重塑在冠心病、高血压等心脑血管疾病中也发挥重要作用,研究表明循环血miRNA也具备作为血管损伤重塑相关疾病的血清标志物的潜在价值。
晶芯® 人类长链非编码RNA芯片V3.0的设计及在疾病研究中的应用
长链非编码RNA (lncRNA)以RNA的形式在多种层面上,通过影响染色质状态,RNA转录和翻译层面调控基因的表达。近年研究者非常关注lncRNA在各种生物学过程和疾病过程中所起到的作用,形成了新的研究热点。 博奥生物与中科院生物物理所陈润生院士研究组,基于已经公布的大量lncRNA数据库及实验室发现的800多条中等长度的非编码RNA,推出了自主设计的lncRNA芯片。继成功推出lncRNA V1.0 和 V2.0 芯片基础上,鉴于当前lncRNA 研究的快速进展,收集和更新lncRNA 序列信息,经过严格的序列筛选和整合,推出了新一代的晶芯lncRNA V3.0 芯片服务。最新的V3.0芯片包括约3.8万条lncRNA和约3.4万条mRNA探针,可以同时针对lncRNA和mRNA进行检测。在充分保证探针容量和重复数量(lncRNA和mRNA检测探针均重复2次以上)的前提下,降低了芯片成本和实验费用。在检测成本和检测准确性之间达到较好的平衡点。 通过lncRNA芯片检测,研究人员能够迅速获得与特定生物学过程或者疾病相关的lncRNA的表达变化,从而发现与特定生物学过程相关的lncRNA,寻找与疾病相关的lncRNA。
转录因子和miRNA在复杂疾病中的共调控网络研究
Transcription factors (TFs) are key regulators controlling the transcription of target genes by binding to specific DNA sequences on the promoter of target genes. Both the TFs and miRNAs are regulators of gene expression and they may mutual regulate each other to form feedback loops (FBL), or they regulate the same target gene to form a feed-forward loop (FFL). It has been reported that hundreds of potential miRNA-mediated feedback and feed-forward loops are available at the genome level. To predict the TF-miRNA co-regulatory FFL and FBL loops, we integrated multiple data of TF targets and miRNA targets including both experimentally validated and predicted. Thus, we developed a strategy to predict the TF-miRNA co-regulatory FFL and FBL loops. We used these methods to study the TF-miRNA co-regulation in specific diseases including schizophrenia and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). We identified and verified some key miRNA and genes in these diseases. In the T-ALL, we obtained 120 FFLs among T-ALL related genes, miRNAs and TFs. Afterwards, a T-ALL miRNA and TF co-regulatory network was constructed and its significance was tested by statistical methods. Four miRNAs in the miR-17~92 cluster and 4 important genes (CYLD, HOXA9, BCL2L11, and RUNX1) were found as hubs in the network. Particularly, we found that miR-19 was highly expressed in T-ALL patients and cell lines. Ectopic expression of miR-19 repress CYLD expression, while miR-19 inhibitor treatment induce CYLD protein expression and decreases NF-κB expression in the downstream signaling pathway. Thus, miR-19, CYLD and NF-κB form a regulatory feed-forward loop, which provides new clues for sustained activation of NF-κB in T-ALL. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA genes or target sites (miRNA-related SNPs) have been proved to be associated with human diseases by affecting the miRNA mediated regulatory function. To systematically analyze miRNA-related SNPs and their effects, we performed a genome-wide scan for SNPs in human pre-miRNAs, miRNA flanking regions, target sites and designed a pipeline to predict the effects of them on miRNA-target interaction. As a result, we identified 48 SNPs in human miRNA seed regions and thousands of SNPs in 3'- untranslated regions with the potential to either disturb or create miRNA-target interactions. Furthermore, we experimentally confirmed 7 loss-of-function SNPs and 1 gain-of-function SNP by luciferase assay. All useful data were complied into miRNASNP, a user-friendly free online database (http://www.bioguo.org/miRNASNP/). These data will be a useful resource for studying miRNA function, identifying disease-associated miRNAs, and further personalized medicine.
林旭:中国人群营养和遗传因素与代谢性疾病的队列研究
林旭研究员介绍了其团队针对中国人群营养和遗传因素与代谢性疾病相关的研究成果: 1 亚洲人比白种人更易罹患糖尿病,中国人更具有“代谢性肥胖”特征。2 中国人群代谢性肥胖表型和疾病的高易感性,不仅仅与遗传因素相关,环境因素也起了非常重要的作用。上世纪90年代以来我国居民膳食能量来源的巨大改变,随之而来的是,近年来我国糖尿病患者数量激增。 3 北京上海两地原住民饮食习惯的不同,更为合理膳食搭配使得上海居民糖尿病患病率低于北京。4 维生素D、乳制品的摄取可降低糖尿病的发病率。体内视黄醇结合蛋白4、C反应蛋白、铁蛋白、内毒素结合蛋白含量的升高预示罹患糖尿病的风险增加。
临床医生在生物样本库建设中应起主导作用
陆舜:临床医生在生物样本库建设中应起主导作用
Personalized medicine may be defined as “a medical model using molecular profiling technologies for tailoring the right therapeutic strategy for the right person at the right time, and determine the predisposition to disease at the population level and to deliver timely and stratified prevention”. Progress in the understanding of driven genes and drug actions are opening opportunities to match therapies to lung cancer patient populations, and thus pave the way towards a more personalized medicine. The use of driven genes such as EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 et al can help identify patients that are more likely to respond favorably to a given therapy which is approved by clinical trials. Increasingly, we find application in order to stratify different patient groups in terms of clinical response, so as to develop personalized, preventive or therapeutic strategies.