控制声乐学习行为的大脑通路 - Erich Jarvis P1
本视频由科普中国和生物医学大讲堂出品
Erich Jarvis (Duke/HHMI) Part 1: Convergent behavior and brain pathways
In Part 1, Jarvis explains that vocal learning is the ability to hear a sound and repeat it. Only 5 groups of mammals (including humans) and 3 groups of birds (parrots, hummingbirds and songbirds) are capable of vocal learning. Jarvis and his lab members imaged changes in gene expression in bird's brains after singing. They found that hummingbirds, songbirds and parrots each have pathways in specific areas of the brain that are not found in non-vocal learning birds. Interestingly, analogous networks exist in the human brain but not in non-vocal learning monkeys.
In Part 2, Jarvis proposes a mechanism by which vocal learning may have evolved. He suggests that the brain areas that control vocal learning are the result of a duplication of a pre-existing neural circuit that controls motor movement. A similar duplication event may have occurred during the evolution of humans with the result that both humans and Snowball, a cockatoo, can sing and dance to a beat!
In Jarvis' third talk, he demonstrates that the brain pathways necessary for vocal learning are associated with the expression of particular axonal guidance genes. He also proposes that the evolutionary events responsible for the development of vocal learning may be a general mechanism for the development of other complex behavioral traits.
大脑也许可以在辅助下进行自我修复
通过对中风和在车祸中大脑受到损伤的患者进行细致的治疗，神经外科医生 Jocelyne Bloch了解到大脑并不能彻底实现自我修复。但是现在，她提出，她和同事们可能已经找到了神经修复的关键所在：DCX阳性细胞。与干细胞类似，它们的可塑性很强，而且从大脑中被提取出之后，经过培养，再重新植入同一大脑的受损区域，它们就能够帮助大脑进行修复和重构。“只需要一点点的辅助，”Bloch说，“大脑也许就能自我复原。”
大脑学习
为什么“千错万错，马屁不错”？为什么电子游戏和吗啡一样易上瘾？为什么失恋会流鼻涕？陈巍老师以投篮、拍马屁讨喜、抽鸦片上瘾、抑郁症、恋爱悲与喜、沉溺电子游戏为例，生动形象的讲解了人脑的学习，让“树突”、“轴突”、“神经元”、“突触”......不再生涩难懂。
观察大脑活动
通过神经网络的电信号的模式决定大脑功能。Adam Cohen探讨视觉化的可能性使用荧光膜的跨膜蛋白在一个完整的大脑内的这些信号这是敏感的电压。科恩讨论了这种方法的障碍。他预测跨学科的科学家们最终会克服的。
脑科学与脑疾病治疗讲坛
脑科学被认为是人类认知领域的“黑洞”，人类对于大脑处理加工信息和高级认知功能的理解，还是沧海一粟，阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等脑部重大疾病也仍困扰着我们。而单细胞测序、分析等技术的发展为研究者从单细胞和神经微环路层面理解脑部运行机制和功能提供了高效的研究手段，也为有效诊断和治疗脑疾病带来了新的思路。 欢迎届时参会讨论，期待会后，可以促成不同研究组进一步的交流与合作！
脑科学与脑疾病治疗
脑科学被认为是人类认知领域的“黑洞”，人类对于大脑处理加工信息和高级认知功能的理解，还是沧海一粟，阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等脑部重大疾病也仍困扰着我们。而单细胞测序、分析等技术的发展为研究者从单细胞和神经微环路层面理解脑部运行机制和功能提供了高效的研究手段，也为有效诊断和治疗脑疾病带来了新的思路。