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PNAS:人类髓磷脂发育对认知和精神健康的作用

  1. 发育
  2. 髓磷脂
  3. 髓鞘

来源:美国国家科学院 2012-11-18 15:05

神经髓鞘形成对于正常的脊椎动物大脑功能具有关键作用,而一项研究提示,与黑猩猩相比,人类的髓鞘发育被推迟和延长了,这有可能有助于人类独特的认知发育并导致了人类易发精神疾病。 Chet C. Sherwood及其同事对黑猩猩和人类的几个大脑区域在出生后的髓鞘纤维的发育进行了量化。髓磷脂围绕着神经纤维并且显著增加了神经冲动传播的速度,而它的发育在精神分裂症等某些人类神经精神疾病中被破坏。

神经髓鞘形成对于正常的脊椎动物大脑功能具有关键作用,而一项研究提示,与黑猩猩相比,人类的髓鞘发育被推迟和延长了,这有可能有助于人类独特的认知发育并导致了人类易发精神疾病。

Chet C. Sherwood及其同事对黑猩猩和人类的几个大脑区域在出生后的髓鞘纤维的发育进行了量化。髓磷脂围绕着神经纤维并且显著增加了神经冲动传播的速度,而它的发育在精神分裂症等某些人类神经精神疾病中被破坏。这组科研人员发现,黑猩猩的髓鞘形成稳步增加,直到在性成熟年龄达到成年水平。

与黑猩猩形成对比的是,人类在出生时的有髓轴突较少,在儿童期的髓磷脂较少,而且在青春期之后很久以及进入30岁之后还表现出了持续的神经纤维成熟。

这组作者说,与黑猩猩相比,人类的这个髓磷脂发育模式可能有助于形成更为灵活的神经回路,而该神经回路则具有更强的,被环境因素和社会相互作用所塑造的能力。作者提示说,持续的青春期后髓磷脂生长可能也与人类特有的在成年期早期容易发作某些精神疾病的特性有联系。(生物谷Bioon.com)

Prolonged myelination in human neocortical evolution

Daniel J. Miller, Tetyana Duka, Cheryl D. Stimpson, Steven J. Schapiro, Wallace B. Baze, Mark J. McArthur, Archibald J. Fobbs, André M. M. Sousa, Nenad Sestan, Derek E. Wildman, Leonard Lipovich, Christopher W. Kuzawa, Patrick R. Hof, and Chet C. Sherwood

Nerve myelination facilitates saltatory action potential conduction and exhibits spatiotemporal variation during development associated with the acquisition of behavioral and cognitive maturity. Although human cognitive development is unique, it is not known whether the ontogenetic progression of myelination in the human neocortex is evolutionarily exceptional. In this study, we quantified myelinated axon fiber length density and the expression of myelin-related proteins throughout postnatal life in the somatosensory (areas 3b/3a/1/2), motor (area 4), frontopolar (prefrontal area 10), and visual (areas 17/18) neocortex of chimpanzees (N = 20) and humans (N = 33). Our examination revealed that neocortical myelination is developmentally protracted in humans compared with chimpanzees. In chimpanzees, the density of myelinated axons increased steadily until adult-like levels were achieved at approximately the time of sexual maturity. In contrast, humans displayed slower myelination during childhood, characterized by a delayed period of maturation that extended beyond late adolescence. This comparative research contributes evidence crucial to understanding the evolution of human cognition and behavior, which arises from the unfolding of nervous system development within the context of an enriched cultural environment. Perturbations of normal developmental processes and the decreased expression of myelin-related molecules have been related to psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Thus, these species differences suggest that the human-specific shift in the timing of cortical maturation during adolescence may have implications for vulnerability to certain psychiatric disorders.

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